Modern+Paper+Making

Paper-making  is the process of making paper; which is a substance that is used universally in todays society for writing and packaging.

In paper-making, a dilute suspension of fibres in water is drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. The water is then removed from this mat of fibres. They do this by pressing and drying to make paper. Most paper is made from wood pulp, but other fibre sources such as cotton and textile may also be used.

Most modern paper-making machines are based on the principles of the Fourdrinier Machine. It has been used in some variation since its inception. The Fourdrinier uses a specially woven plastic fabric mesh conveyor belt, known as a wire as it was once woven from bronze, in the wet end to create a continuous paper web transforming a source of wood pulp into a final paper product. The original fourdrinier forming section used a horizontal drainage area, referred to as the drainage table.



which is more commonly called the **Fourdrinier machine** have four distinct operational sections:



Modern papermaking began in the early 19th century in Europe with the development of the **Fourdrinier machine**, which produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These machines have become very large, up to 150 metres in length, producing a sheet 10 metres wide, and operating at speeds of over 100 km/h.

In 1844, both Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and German inventor F.G. Keller had invented the machine and process for pulping wood for the use in paper-making. This would end the nearly 2000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of newsprint and eventually almost all paper out of pulped wood.


 * 1. The Forming Section **
 * // "The Wet End" //
 * is where the slurry of fibers are filtered out on a continuous fabric loop which form a wet web of fiber.

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2. **The Press Section**
 * //"The Wet Press Section"//
 * is where the wet fiber web passes between large rolls loaded under high pressure to squeeze out as much water as possible.



//The next two sections strengthen and stabilize the paper web, they do this by removing all of the excess water. The p////aper moves from the couch roller of the forming section, or Wet End, to the press section. This consists of the couch roller, dryer felts and suction rolls. After the paper moves through the press section, the paper's water content changes to approximately 50 percent.//


 * 3. The Dryer Section **
 * is where the pressed sheet of paper pass partly around a series of steam heated drying cylinders.
 * Drying the sheets removes the water content down to a level of approximately 6-12%, where it will remain if kept at typical indoor atmospheric conditions.
 * This section is usually around 4 or 5 feet in diameter.



**4. The Calender Section**
 * is where heavy steel rolls the dried paper smooth.
 * Only one 'nip' is necessary in order to hold the sheet of dried paper securely.
 * This will shrink through the drying section and is held in great tension between the press section and the calender.
 * Extra nips make the paper smoother, but the paper strength dwindles.







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_machine http://www.kcl.fi/services/paper-making/wet-web-runnability-studies http://www.prou.com/pulp-paper-23.htm http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/papermaking.htm http://cerig.efpg.inpg.fr/histoire-metiers/fibre-pate/page03.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Fenerty_-_c.1870's_(Nova_Scotia,_Canada).jpg http://www.charlesfenerty.ca/html/fenertyletter.html